Target acquisition

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
AN-TPQ 47, the US Army's latest Target Acquisition and Artillery Locating Radar

Target acquisition is the detection, identification, and location of a target in sufficient detail to permit the effective employment of lethal and non-lethal means. The term is used for a broad area of applications.

A "target" here is an entity or object considered for possible engagement or other action (see Targeting (warfare)). Targets include a wide array of resources that an enemy commander can use to conduct operations including mobile and stationary units, forces, equipment, capabilities, facilities, persons and functions. It may comprise target acquisition,[1] Joint Targeting[2] or Information Operations.[3]

Technically target acquisition may just denote the process of a weapon system to decide which object to lock on to, as opposed to surveillance on one and target tracking on the other side; for example in an anti-aircraft system.

History[edit]

Target acquisition under the doctrines of the Cold War and post–Cold War were focused on identifying the capabilities, assets and identities of large troop formations, air defense systems, artillery, rockets, missiles and identifying other High Pay-off Targets (HPTs) and High Value Targets (HVTs). HPTs which if successfully engaged and neutralized significantly contribute to the success of the "friendly commander's" course of action. HVT is a target that an "enemy commander" requires for completion of a mission. They both seem to accomplish the same, but are different when conducting the targeting analysis process.

Since the September 11 attacks, target acquisition has become a highly technical, robust and complex process because of the priority target types, including the targeting of individuals. Whereas a satellite can locate a missile launcher or a formation of 16 tanks by its shape, heat signature or size, it cannot identify and locate 1 of 7 billion individuals without having a person on the ground to recognize, report and engage that individual. This also requires an enhancement of Human Intelligence (HUMINT) sources or the enhancement of biometric technology for the purpose of positive identification of individuals in the targeting process.[2] The Joint Targeting process is better suited for targeting individuals. The latest U.S. doctrine is the JP 3-60, Joint Doctrine for Targeting.[4]


 

Target analysis

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Target analysis is an examination of potential targets to determine military importance, priority of attack, and weapons required to obtain a desired level of damage or casualties.[1] The Central Intelligence Agency defines it as, "network analysis techniques and specialized analytical tools to identify and detail key figures and organizations who may pose a threat to US interests."[2]

U.S. Air Force target analysis chart

 

 

Roles of target analysts[edit]

Intelligence Community[edit]

The most recognizable targeting analyst position in the Intelligence Community lies within the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) within the Directorate of Intelligence (DI). The CIA identifies its Target Analyst position as one that analysts will “research, analyze, write, and brief using network analysis techniques and specialized tools to identify and detail key threats to the US. Targeting analysts regularly produce a range of current and longer-term intelligence products and provide analytic support to operations for key foreign and domestic policymakers, military officials, and intelligence and law enforcement agencies. Available targeting analyst positions focus on regions of the world and on functional topics including terrorism, weapons proliferation, narcotics trafficking, money laundering, and cyber threats.”[3]

The U.S. Army's 35F position, or "Intelligence Analyst" provides most of the targeting analysis for the military.[4] However, the Department of Defense also hires defense contractors to aid in targeting analysis, specifically during wartime.

Contractors[edit]

Target analysis contractors are hired by the U.S. government to fill temporary positions that it may be too inconvenient or costly to fill using current the intelligence community's resources.[5] Some employees of such contractors are occasionally hired directly by a government intelligence agency to work directly for them if their work is well respected and a longer term need in that particular field is observed.

In a job posting by Science Application International Corporation (SAIC), they specify the role of the target analyst will, “serve as a team member in the C4 Systems and Networking Division at the Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) in Suitland, Maryland. The analyst will conduct maritime C4 target intelligence analysis and reporting. Duties may include: researching, collating, reviewing, evaluating, and integrating data from multiple sources to develop intelligence and enter it into a database on a set schedule. Prepare analytical reports, briefs, databases, studies, advisories, estimates, and evaluations. Identify information gaps and develop collection requirements, analytical tools, and methodologies to fill these gaps. Topics include maritime C4ISR infrastructure.”[6]

Other contractors that offer target analysis positions include Lockheed Martin, and Northrop Grumman.

Goal of target analysis[edit]

Tactical[edit]

Using a combination HUMINT, SIGINT, MASINT, IMINT, and OSINT,[7] analysts are able to identify immediate targets, such as terrorists or other military targets. This intelligence would then be passed on to the armed forces to take appropriate actions against. Many times targeting analysts working on tactical issues work in warzones either as contractors or military servicemen. Currently the focus of U.S. targeting analysts is identifying terrorists in and around Afghanistan.

Strategic[edit]

Like tactical analysis, target analysts combine all of the Intelligence "Ints" in order to provide decision makers with a long term forecast on arising issues and possible concerns. These area of concerns may consist of domestic or international terrorism, foreign conflicts, cyber crime, or many others. This type of analysis is done using structured and other advanced analytical techniques.



CARVER+Shock Vulnerability Assessment Tool A Six Step Approach to Conducting Security Vulnerability Assessments on Critical Infrastructure This excerpt contains:  Table of Contents  List of Illustrations  Author’s Introduction  Author profiles  Additional Security Book available from Government Training Inc. Table of Contents 1 Introduction and History of CARVER CARVER as an Offensive Targeting Tool used by US Special Forces Historical use of CARVER+Shock 2 Step One - Conducting Risk-based analysis Risk Management and Sun Tzu Know Yourself Know Your Enemy Know Your Environment Fundamentals of Risk Management Risk based decision making model 3 Step Two - Know Yourself, Conducting the System Characterization Breaking large systems into small pieces Examples of System Characterization Agriculture Energy: Schools: 4 Step Three: Know Your Enemy, Conducting an All Perils Assessment What is a Threat Developing the Threat Assessment c Determining Probability Design Basis Threat What is a Hazard 5 Step Four - Know Your Environment Conducting a Security Assessment Assessment Execution ONSITE SURVEY 6 Step Five - CARVER+Shock Criticality, Accessibility, Recuperability, Vulnerability, Effect, Recognizability, Shock (1) Planning Developing Definitions and Scoring Parameters Conducting the Assessment c Examples (1) Energy (2) Agriculture (3) Transportation (4) Buildings and Soft Targets 7 Step Six - Mitigating the Risk Analyzing the results Conducting Root Cause Analysis for Vulnerabilities Appendices Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Appendix 3 Glossary List of diagrams and charts CARVER Matrix – Target Analysis 8 CARVER Matrix – Defensive Analysis 9 Risk-based analysis 14 Calculating Risk 19 Risk-based decision making tool 25 Identifying critical nodes chart 27 Target systems chart 29 Systems characterization chart 35 Developing the threat assessment chart 43 Determining probability chart 47 Threat profile chart 47 All perils list chart 50 Security assessment worksheet 55 Criticality assessment worksheet 63 Accessibility scale worksheet 64 Recuperability scale worksheet 65 Vulnerability scale worksheet67 Effects rating scale worksheet 68 Recognizability scale worksheet 69 Assessment spreadsheet 74 Target description spreadsheet 75 Calculation of final values spreadsheet 76 Examples – Energy 77 Examples – Agriculture 78 Examples – Transportation 79 Examples – Buildings and soft targets 80 Examples – office buildings 81 Mitigating the risk – analysis spreadsheet 82 Security vulnerability assessment questionnaire 89 Threat analysis questionnaire101 Environmental analysis questionnaire 1

 

 

 

TARGET REDUCTION

INT SUPPORT TO TARGETING

TARGET FOLDERS

TARGET NOMINATION

KINETIC

NON KINETIC

HVT/HPT

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance#Overview

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance

 


 

 

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HUMINT

This chapter examines the role of Human Intelligence (HUMINT) in Intelligence Battlefield Operating Systems (BOS). It looks at the specific nature, process, advantages and limitations of HUMINT and outlines the specific requirements for HUMINT collectors. It also provides a brief overview of other categories of Intelligence.

© 2013 Research Institute for European and American Studies (RIEAS), Antiterrorism Accredition Board (ATAB)

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Keshav Mazumadar

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A comparative study of humint in counterterrorism : Israel and France, 1970-1990

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Title: A comparative study of humint in counterterrorism : Israel and France, 1970-1990
Author: Kirchheimer, Amy C.
Description: Thesis (M.A.)--Georgetown University, 2010.; Includes bibliographical references.; Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format.
Permanent Link: http://hdl.handle.net/10822/553531
Date Created: 2010
Subject: International Relations; Political Science, General
Type: Text

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The Changing Shape of HUMINT

by John R. Sano  |  January 7, 2016  |  ARTICLES
Source : The Intelligencer  

 

The following is from an article by Professor John Sano which was published by the Intelligencer (Vol. 21, No.3), the journal of the Association of Former Intelligence Officers.

Although often described as the world's second oldest profession, spying -- and specifically human intelligence (HUMINT) -- continues to evolve. While the basic tenets of human espionage remain constant, there are a variety of factors, which over time have impacted both the tenets and the parameters of spying. It is not just the "how" of HUMINT, but also the motivations and the methodologies employed. Demographics, technology and cultural expectations all play a role in the shaping of a clandestine service officer.

Read more: Download file Sano - The Changing Shape of HUMINT 

 

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